Ventilación mecánica en España, 1998-2016: cambios en la desconexión de la ventilación mecánica / Mechanical ventilation in Spain, 1998-2016: changes in the disconnection of mechanical ventilation

Objetivo Evaluar los cambios en la desconexión de la ventilación mecánica en España desde 1998 hasta 2016. Diseño Análisis post-hoc de 4 estudios de cohorte. Ámbito Un total de 138 UCI. Enfermos Un total de 2.141 enfermos extubados de forma programada. Intervenciones Ninguna. Variables de interés principales Demográficas, motivo de ventilación mecánica, complicaciones, métodos para la desconexión, fracaso del primer intento de desconexión, duración de la desconexión, reintubación, traqueotomía post-reintubación, estancia y mortalidad en la UCI. Resultados Se observa un aumento significativo (p<0,001) en la presión de soporte como técnica de desconexión. Ha aumentado, a lo largo del tiempo, la probabilidad ajustada de utilizar la presión de soporte progresivamente decreciente frente a una prueba de ventilación espontánea, tanto para el primer intento de desconexión (referencia estudio de 1998: odds ratio 0,99 en 2004, 0,57 en 2010 y 2,43 en 2016) como para la desconexión difícil/prolongada (referencia estudio de 1998: odds ratio 2,29 en 2004, 1,23 en 2010 y 2,54 en 2016). La proporción de extubación tras el primer intento de desconexión ha aumentado con el tiempo. Hay una disminución del tiempo dedicado a la desconexión (desde un 45% en 1998 hasta un 36% en 2016). Sin embargo, no ha disminuido la duración en la desconexión difícil/prolongada (mediana 3 días en todos los estudios, p=0,435). Conclusiones Ha habido cambios significativos en el modo de desconexión de la ventilación mecánica, con un aumento progresivo del uso de la presión de soporte. Se han observado mínimos cambios en los desenlaces (AU)

Purpose To evaluate changes in the disconnection of mechanical ventilation in Spain from 1998 to 2016. Design Post-hoc analysis of four cohort studies. Ambit 138 Spanish ICUs. Patients 2141 patients scheduled extubated. Interventions None. Variables of interest Demographics, reason for mechanical ventilation, complications, methods for disconnection, failure on the first attempt at disconnection, duration of weaning, reintubation, post-reintubation tracheotomy, ICU stay and mortality. Results There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the use of gradual reduction of support pressure. The adjusted probability of using the gradual reduction in pressure support versus a spontaneous breathing trial has increased over time, both for the first attempt at disconnection (taking the 1998 study as a reference: odds ratio 0.99 in 2004, 0.57 in 2010 and 2.43 in 2016) and for difficult/prolonged disconnection (taking the 1998 study as a reference: odds ratio 2.29 in 2004, 1.23 in 2010 and 2.54 in 2016). The proportion of patients extubated after the first attempt at disconnection has increased over time. There is a decrease in the ventilation time dedicated to weaning (from 45% in 1998 to 36% in 2016). However, the duration in difficult/prolonged weaning has not decreased (median 3 days in all studies, p=0.435). Conclusions There have been significant changes in the mode of disconnection of mechanical ventilation, with a progressive increase in the use of gradual reduction of pressure support. No relevant changes in outcomes have been observed (AU)

Mechanical ventilation in Spain, 1998-2016: Changes in the disconnection of mechanical ventilation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the disconnection of mechanical ventilation in Spain from 1998 to 2016. DESIGN: Post-hoc analysis of four cohort studies. AMBIT: 138 Spanish ICUs. PATIENTS: 2141 patients scheduled extubated. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographics, reason for mechanical ventilation, complications, methods for disconnection, failure on the first attempt at disconnection, duration of weaning, reintubation, post-reintubation tracheotomy, ICU stay and mortality. RESULTS: There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the use of gradual reduction of support pressure. The adjusted probability of using the gradual reduction in pressure support versus a spontaneous breathing trial has increased over time, both for the first attempt at disconnection (taking the 1998 study as a reference: odds ratio 0.99 in 2004, 0.57 in 2010 and 2.43 in 2016) and for difficult/prolonged disconnection (taking the 1998 study as a reference: odds ratio 2.29 in 2004, 1.23 in 2010 and 2.54 in 2016). The proportion of patients extubated after the first attempt at disconnection has increased over time. There is a decrease in the ventilation time dedicated to weaning (from 45% in 1998 to 36% in 2016). However, the duration in difficult/prolonged weaning has not decreased (median 3 days in all studies, p = 0.435). CONCLUSIONS: There have been significant changes in the mode of disconnection of mechanical ventilation, with a progressive increase in the use of gradual reduction of pressure support. No relevant changes in outcomes have been observed.

Mechanical ventilation in Spain, 1998-2016: changes in the disconnection of mechanical ventilation. / Ventilación mecánica en España, 1998-2016: cambios en la desconexión de la ventilación mecánica.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the disconnection of mechanical ventilation in Spain from 1998 to 2016. DESIGN: Post-hoc analysis of four cohort studies. AMBIT: 138 Spanish ICUs. PATIENTS: 2141 patients scheduled extubated. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographics, reason for mechanical ventilation, complications, methods for disconnection, failure on the first attempt at disconnection, duration of weaning, reintubation, post-reintubation tracheotomy, ICU stay and mortality. RESULTS: There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in the use of gradual reduction of support pressure. The adjusted probability of using the gradual reduction in pressure support versus a spontaneous breathing trial has increased over time, both for the first attempt at disconnection (taking the 1998 study as a reference: odds ratio 0.99 in 2004, 0.57 in 2010 and 2.43 in 2016) and for difficult/prolonged disconnection (taking the 1998 study as a reference: odds ratio 2.29 in 2004, 1.23 in 2010 and 2.54 in 2016). The proportion of patients extubated after the first attempt at disconnection has increased over time. There is a decrease in the ventilation time dedicated to weaning (from 45% in 1998 to 36% in 2016). However, the duration in difficult/prolonged weaning has not decreased (median 3 days in all studies, p=0.435). CONCLUSIONS: There have been significant changes in the mode of disconnection of mechanical ventilation, with a progressive increase in the use of gradual reduction of pressure support. No relevant changes in outcomes have been observed.

Ventilación mecánica en España, 1998-2016: epidemiología y desenlaces / Mechanical ventilation in Spain, 1998-2016: Epidemiology and outcomes

OBJETIVO: Evaluar cambios en la epidemiología de la ventilación mecánica en España desde 1998 hasta 2016. DISEÑO: Análisis post-hoc de 4 estudios de cohortes. ÁMBITO: Un total de 138 UCI españolas. PACIENTES: Un total de 4.293 enfermos con ventilación mecánica invasiva más de 12h o no invasiva más de 1h. INTERVENCIONES: Ninguna. VARIABLES DE INTERÉS PRINCIPALES: Demográficas, motivo de ventilación mecánica, relacionadas con el soporte ventilatorio (modo de ventilación, volumen tidal, PEEP, presiones en vía aérea), complicaciones, duración de la ventilación mecánica, estancia y mortalidad en la UCI. RESULTADOS: Se observa aumento en la gravedad (SAPSII: 43 puntos en 1998 frente a 47 puntos en 2016), cambios en el motivo de la ventilación mecánica (disminución de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica e insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria a traumatismo y aumento de la patología neurológica y tras parada cardiaca). Aumento en la ventilación no invasiva como primer modo de soporte ventilatorio (p < 0,001). El modo más utilizado es la ventilación controlada por volumen con un aumento de la presión de soporte y de la ventilación controlada por volumen regulada por presión. Disminuyó el volumen tidal (9ml/kg de peso estimado en 1998 y 6,6ml/kg en 2016, p < 0,001) y aumentó la PEEP (3cmH2O en 1998 y 6cmH2O en 2016, p < 0,001). La mortalidad disminuye (34% en 1998 y 27% en 2016; p < 0,001) sin variabilidad geográfica (MOR 1,43; p = 0,258). CONCLUSIONES: Se observa una disminución en la mortalidad de los enfermos ventilados en UCI españolas. Esta disminución podría estar relacionada con cambios para minimizar el daño inducido por el ventilador

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the epidemiology of mechanical ventilation in Spain from 1998 to 2016. DESIGN: A post hoc analysis of four cohort studies was carried out. SETTING: A total of 138 Spanish ICUs. PATIENTS: A sample of 4293 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 12h or noninvasive ventilation for more than 1h. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographic variables, reason for mechanical ventilation, variables related to ventilatory support (ventilation mode, tidal volume, PEEP, airway pressures), complications during mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and ICU mortality. RESULTS: There was an increase in severity (SAPSII: 43 points in 1998 vs. 47 points in 2016), changes in the reason for mechanical ventilation (decrease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure secondary to trauma, and increase in neurological disease and post-cardiac arrest). There was an increase in noninvasive mechanical ventilation as the first mode of ventilatory support (p < 0.001). Volume control ventilation was the most commonly used mode, with increased support pressure and pressure-regulated volume-controlled ventilation. A decrease in tidal volume was observed (9ml/kg actual b.w. in 1998 and 6.6ml/kg in 2016; p < 0.001) as well as an increase in PEEP (3cmH2O in 1998 and 6cmH2O in 2016; p < 0.001). In-ICU mortality decreased (34% in 1998 and 27% in 2016; p < 0.001), without geographical variability (median OR 1.43; p = 0.258). CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in mortality was observed in patients ventilated in Spanish ICUs. These changes in mortality could be related to modifications in ventilation strategy to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury

Mechanical ventilation in Spain, 1998-2016: Epidemiology and outcomes. / Ventilación mecánica en España, 1998-2016: epidemiología y desenlaces.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the epidemiology of mechanical ventilation in Spain from 1998 to 2016. DESIGN: A post hoc analysis of four cohort studies was carried out. SETTING: A total of 138 Spanish ICUs. PATIENTS: A sample of 4293 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 12h or noninvasive ventilation for more than 1h. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Demographic variables, reason for mechanical ventilation, variables related to ventilatory support (ventilation mode, tidal volume, PEEP, airway pressures), complications during mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and ICU mortality. RESULTS: There was an increase in severity (SAPSII: 43 points in 1998 vs. 47 points in 2016), changes in the reason for mechanical ventilation (decrease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure secondary to trauma, and increase in neurological disease and post-cardiac arrest). There was an increase in noninvasive mechanical ventilation as the first mode of ventilatory support (p<0.001). Volume control ventilation was the most commonly used mode, with increased support pressure and pressure-regulated volume-controlled ventilation. A decrease in tidal volume was observed (9ml/kg actual b.w. in 1998 and 6.6ml/kg in 2016; p<0.001) as well as an increase in PEEP (3cmH2O in 1998 and 6cmH2O in 2016; p<0.001). In-ICU mortality decreased (34% in 1998 and 27% in 2016; p<0.001), without geographical variability (median OR 1.43; p=0.258). CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in mortality was observed in patients ventilated in Spanish ICUs. These changes in mortality could be related to modifications in ventilation strategy to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury.

¿Se han producido cambios en la aplicación de la ventilación mecánica en relación con la evidencia científica? Estudio multicéntrico en México / Have there been changes in the application of mechanical ventilation in relation to scientific evidence? A multicenter observational study in Mexico

OBJETIVO: Los objetivos principales son describir la práctica de la ventilación mecánica en un periodo de 18 años en México y estimar los cambios en la mortalidad de los pacientes críticos con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). DISEÑO: Subanálisis retrospectivo de un estudio prospectivo y observacional en 1998, 2004, 2010 y 2016. ÁMBITO: Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de México. PARTICIPANTES: Pacientes adultos que ingresaron consecutivamente en la UCI, durante un mes y que recibieron VMI durante más de 12 h o ventilación mecánica no invasiva durante más de una hora. El seguimiento se realizó hasta 28 días después de la inclusión. INTERVENCIONES: Ninguna. VARIABLES DE INTERÉS: Edad, sexo, gravedad al ingreso estimada por el SAPS II, parámetros de la gasometría arterial diaria, variables de tratamiento y complicaciones, fecha y estado al alta de la UCI y del hospital. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 959 pacientes en 81 UCI. El volumen corriente (VC) ha disminuido significativamente tanto en pacientes con criterios de SDRA (de 8,5 ml/kg de peso estimado en 1998 a 6 ml/kg en 2016; p < 0,001) como en enfermos sin SDRA (de 9 ml/kg de peso estimado en 1998 a 6ml/kg en 2016; p < 0,001). La estrategia ventilatoria protectora (definida como VC < 6 ml/kg o < 8 ml/kg y una presión meseta < 30 cmH2O) fue: 19% en 1998, 44% en 2004, 58% en 2010 y 75% en 2016 (p < 0,001). La mortalidad ajustada en UCI a lo largo de los 4 periodos fue: en 2004, oportunidad relativa (OR) 1,05 (IC 95%: 0,73-1,72; p = 0,764); en 2010, OR 1,68 (IC 95%: 1,13-2,48; p = 0,009); en 2016, OR 0,85 (IC 95%: 0,60-1,20; p = 0,368). CONCLUSIONES: La práctica clínica de la VMI en las UCI de México se ha modificado a lo largo de un periodo de 18 años. El cambio más significativo es la estrategia ventilatoria basada en VC bajos. Estos cambios no se han asociado a cambios significativos en la mortalidad

OBJECTIVE: The main study objectives were to describe the practice of mechanical ventilation over an 18-year period in Mexico, and estimate changes in mortality among critical patients subjected to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). DESIGN: A retrospective subanalysis of a prospective observational study conducted in 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2016 was carried out. SETTING: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients consecutively enrolled in the ICU during one month and who underwent IMV for more than 12hours or noninvasive mechanical ventilation for more than one hour. Follow-up was performed up to a maximum of 28 days after inclusion. INTERVENTIONS: None. PRINCIPAL VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Age, sex, severity upon admission as estimated by SAPS II, parameters of daily arterial blood gases, treatment and complication variables, date and status at discharge from the ICU and from hospital. RESULTS: A total of 959 patients were included in 81 ICUs. Tidal volume (vt) decreased significantly both in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria (estimated 8.5 ml/kg b.w. in 1998 to 6 ml/kg in 2016; P < 0.001) and in patients without ARDS (estimated 9 ml/kg b.w. in 1998 to 6 ml/kg in 2016; P < 0.001). The ventilatory protective strategy (defined as vt < 6 ml/kg or < 8 ml/kg and a plateau pressure < 30 cmH2O) was: 19% in 1998, 44% in 2004, 58% in 2010 and 75% in 2016 (P < 0.001). The adjusted mortality rate in ICU over the 4 periods was: in 2004, odds ratio (OR) 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 0.73-1.72; P = 0.764); in 2010, OR 1.68 (95% CI: 1.13-2.48; P = 0.009); in 2016, OR 0.85 (95%CI: 0.60-1.20; P = 0.368). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical practice of IMV in Mexican ICUs has been modified over a period of 18 years. The most significant change is the ventilatory strategy based on low vt. These changes have not been associated with significant changes in mortality

Have there been changes in the application of mechanical ventilation in relation to scientific evidence? A multicenter observational study in Mexico. / ¿Se han producido cambios en la aplicación de la ventilación mecánica en relación con la evidencia científica? Estudio multicéntrico en México.

OBJECTIVE: The main study objectives were to describe the practice of mechanical ventilation over an 18-year period in Mexico, and estimate changes in mortality among critical patients subjected to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). DESIGN: A retrospective subanalysis of a prospective observational study conducted in 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2016 was carried out. SETTING: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients consecutively enrolled in the ICU during one month and who underwent IMV for more than 12hours or noninvasive mechanical ventilation for more than one hour. Follow-up was performed up to a maximum of 28 days after inclusion. INTERVENTIONS: None. PRINCIPAL VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Age, sex, severity upon admission as estimated by SAPS II, parameters of daily arterial blood gases, treatment and complication variables, date and status at discharge from the ICU and from hospital. RESULTS: A total of 959 patients were included in 81 ICUs. Tidal volume (vt) decreased significantly both in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria (estimated 8.5ml/kg b.w. in 1998 to 6ml/kg in 2016; P<0.001) and in patients without ARDS (estimated 9ml/kg b.w. in 1998 to 6ml/kg in 2016; P<0.001). The ventilatory protective strategy (defined as vt < 6ml/kg or < 8ml/kg and a plateau pressure < 30cmH2O) was: 19% in 1998, 44% in 2004, 58% in 2010 and 75% in 2016 (P<0.001). The adjusted mortality rate in ICU over the 4 periods was: in 2004, odds ratio (OR) 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 95%CI: 0.73-1.72; P=0.764); in 2010, OR 1.68 (95%CI: 1.13-2.48; P=0.009); in 2016, OR 0.85 (95%CI: 0.60-1.20; P=0.368). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical practice of IMV in Mexican ICUs has been modified over a period of 18 years. The most significant change is the ventilatory strategy based on low vt. These changes have not been associated with significant changes in mortality.

Efecto de una acción formativa en cuidados intensivos sobre la tasa de contaminación de hemocultivos / Effect of a training programme on blood culture contamination rate in critical care

La contaminación de hemocultivos puede ocurrir desde la extracción al procesamiento, y su tasa no debería exceder del 3%. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una acción formativa sobre la tasa de hemocultivos contaminados tras la instauración de recomendaciones de extracción de muestras basadas en la mejor evidencia. Método: Estudio prospectivo antes-después en una unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente de 18 camas. Se establecieron dos fases (enero-junio 2012, octubre 2012-octubre 2015) con un período formativo entre ellas. Principales recomendaciones: técnica estéril, mascarilla quirúrgica, doble desinfección de piel (alcohol 70° y clorhexidina alcohólica 2%), desinfección con alcohol 70° de tapones de frascos de cultivo e inyección de muestras sin cambiar aguja. Incluidos todos los hemocultivos de pacientes con solicitud facultativa de extracción. Variables: demográficas, gravedad, patología, motivo de ingreso, estancia y resultados de hemocultivos (negativo, positivo y contaminado). Estadística descriptiva básica: media (desviación estándar), mediana (rango intercuartílico) o porcentaje (intervalo de confianza del 95%). Calculadas tasas de contaminación por 100 hemocultivos extraídos. Análisis bivariado entre períodos. Resultados: Incluidos 458 pacientes. Extraídos 841 hemocultivos, 33 de ellos contaminados. En las variables demográficas, gravedad, diagnóstico y estancia en pacientes con contaminación de la muestra, no se observaron diferencias con no contaminados. Tasas de contaminación pre-formación vs post-formación: 14 vs 5,6 por 100 hemocultivos extraídos (p = 0,00003). Conclusión: Una acción formativa basada en la evidencia ha reducido la contaminación de las muestras. Es necesario seguir trabajando en la planificación de actividades y cuidados para mejorar la detección de contaminantes y prevenir la contaminación de las mismas

Blood culture contamination can occur from extraction to processing; its rate should not exceed 3%. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a training programme on the rate of contaminated blood cultures after the implementation of sample extraction recommendations based on the best evidence. Method: Prospective before-after study in a polyvalent intensive care unit with 18 beds. Two phases were established (January-June 2012, October 2012-October 2015) with a training period between them. Main recommendations: sterile technique, surgical mask, double skin disinfection (70° alcohol and 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine), 70° alcohol disinfection of culture flasks and injection of samples without changing needles. Including all blood cultures of patients with extraction request. Variables: demographic, severity, pathology, reason for admission, stay and results of blood cultures (negative, positive and contaminated). Basic descriptive statistics: mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range) and percentage (95% confidence interval). Calculated contamination rates per 100 blood cultures extracted. Bivariate analysis between periods. Results: Four hundred and eight patients were included. Eight hundred and forty-one blood cultures were taken, 33 of which were contaminated. In the demographic variables, severity, diagnosis and stay of patients with contaminated samples, no differences were observed from those with uncontaminated samples. Pre-training vs post-training contamination rates: 14 vs 5.6 per 100 blood cultures extracted (P = .00003). Conclusion: An evidence-based training programme reduced the contamination of samples. It is necessary to continue working on the planning of activities and care to improve the detection of pollutants and prevent contamination of samples

Effect of a training programme on blood culture contamination rate in critical care. / Efecto de una acción formativa en cuidados intensivos sobre la tasa de contaminación de hemocultivos.

Blood culture contamination can occur from extraction to processing; its rate should not exceed 3%. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a training programme on the rate of contaminated blood cultures after the implementation of sample extraction recommendations based on the best evidence. METHOD: Prospective before-after study in a polyvalent intensive care unit with 18 beds. Two phases were established (January-June 2012, October 2012-October 2015) with a training period between them. Main recommendations: sterile technique, surgical mask, double skin disinfection (70° alcohol and 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine), 70° alcohol disinfection of culture flasks and injection of samples without changing needles. Including all blood cultures of patients with extraction request. VARIABLES: demographic, severity, pathology, reason for admission, stay and results of blood cultures (negative, positive and contaminated). Basic descriptive statistics: mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range) and percentage (95% confidence interval). Calculated contamination rates per 100 blood cultures extracted. Bivariate analysis between periods. RESULTS: Four hundred and eight patients were included. Eight hundred and forty-one blood cultures were taken, 33 of which were contaminated. In the demographic variables, severity, diagnosis and stay of patients with contaminated samples, no differences were observed from those with uncontaminated samples. Pre-training vs post-training contamination rates: 14 vs 5.6 per 100 blood cultures extracted (P=.00003). CONCLUSION: An evidence-based training programme reduced the contamination of samples. It is necessary to continue working on the planning of activities and care to improve the detection of pollutants and prevent contamination of samples.

Validación de la versión en castellano del Nursing Activities Score / Validating the Spanish version of the Nursing Activities Score

Introducción: Validar las escalas es necesario para garantizar que son apropiadas para el objetivo para el que fueron creadas. Objetivo: Validar la versión en castellano del Nursing Activities Score (NAS). Metodología: Estudio observacional y prospectivo que incluye a 1.045 pacientes ingresados en una unidad médico-quirúrgica y una unidad de grandes quemados en 2006. La enfermera encargada del paciente valoró cargas de trabajo mediante el Nine Equivalent of Nursing Manpower use Score y el NAS. Para evaluar la consistencia interna de las mediciones del NAS se calcularon las correlaciones ítem-test, el alfa de Cronbach y alfa de Cronbach corregido, al omitir cada uno de los ítems. La fiabilidad intraobservador y la interobservador se valoraron con el coeficiente de correlación intraclase mediante la visualización de grabaciones y el Kappa (fiabilidad interobservador). Para analizar la validez interna se realizó un análisis factorial de componentes principales, y para la convergente el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de los valores obtenidos de las escalas Nine Equivalent of Nursing Manpower use Score y NAS-castellano. Resultados: Para la consistencia interna se analizaron 164 cuestionarios calculando un alfa de Cronbach de 0,373. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la estimación de la fiabilidad intraobservador fue 0,837 (IC 95%: 0,466-0,950) y 0,662 (IC 95%: 0,033-0,882) para la fiabilidad interobservador. El kappa estimado fue 0,371. Para la validez interna, el análisis factorial exploratorio mostró que el primer ítem explicaba el 58,9% de la varianza del cuestionario. Para la validez convergente se incluyeron 1.006 cuestionarios y se observó un coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de 0,746. Conclusiones: Las propiedades psicométricas del NAS-castellano son aceptables

Introduction: Validating workload scores ensures that they are appropriate for the purpose for which they were developed. Objective: To validate the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) Spanish version. Methodology: Observational and prospective study. 1,045 patients who were admitted to a medical-surgical unit and a serious burns unit in 2006 were included. The nurse in charge assessed patient workloads by Nine Equivalent of Nursing Manpower use Score and NAS. To assess the internal consistency of the measurements of NAS, item-test correlations, Cronbach's alfa and Cronbach's alfa corrected by omitting each of the items were calculated. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability were assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient by viewing recordings and Kappa (interobserver reliability) was estimated. For the analysis of internal validity, a factorial principal components analysis was performed. Convergent validity was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient values obtained from the Nine Equivalent of Nursing Manpower use Score and Spanish-NAS scales. Results: For internal consistency, 164 questionnaires were analysed and a Cronbach's alfa of 0.373 was calculated. The intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver reliability estimate was 0.837 (95% IC: 0.466-0.950) and 0.662 (95% IC: 0.033-0.882) for interobserver reliability. The estimated kappa was 0.371. For internal validity, exploratory factor analysis showed that the first item explained 58.9% of the variance of the questionnaire. For convergent validity 1006 questionnaires were included and a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.746 was observed. Conclusions: The psychometric properties of Spanish-NAS are acceptable

[Validating the Spanish version of the Nursing Activities Score]. / Validación de la versión en castellano del Nursing Activities Score.

INTRODUCTION: Validating workload scores ensures that they are appropriate for the purpose for which they were developed. OBJECTIVE: To validate the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) Spanish version. METHODOLOGY: Observational and prospective study. 1,045 patients who were admitted to a medical-surgical unit and a serious burns unit in 2006 were included. The nurse in charge assessed patient workloads by Nine Equivalent of Nursing Manpower use Score and NAS. To assess the internal consistency of the measurements of NAS, item-test correlations, Cronbach's α and Cronbach's α corrected by omitting each of the items were calculated. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability were assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient by viewing recordings and Kappa (interobserver reliability) was estimated. For the analysis of internal validity, a factorial principal components analysis was performed. Convergent validity was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient values obtained from the Nine Equivalent of Nursing Manpower use Score and Spanish-NAS scales. RESULTS: For internal consistency, 164 questionnaires were analysed and a Cronbach's α of 0.373 was calculated. The intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver reliability estimate was 0.837 (95% IC: 0.466-0.950) and 0.662 (95% IC: 0.033-0.882) for interobserver reliability. The estimated kappa was 0.371. For internal validity, exploratory factor analysis showed that the first item explained 58.9% of the variance of the questionnaire. For convergent validity 1006 questionnaires were included and a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.746 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of Spanish-NAS are acceptable.

Ventilator setting in ICUs: comparing a Dutch with a European cohort.

BACKGROUND: From data collected during the third International Study on Mechanical Ventilation (ISMV), we compared data from a Dutch cohort with a European cohort. We hypothesised that tidal volumes were smaller and applied positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was higher in the Netherlands, compared with the European cohort. We also compared use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and outcomes in both cohorts. METHODS: A post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational study of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Tidal volumes were smaller (7.6 vs. 8.1 ml÷kg predicted bodyweight) in the Dutch cohort and applied PEEP was higher (8 vs. 6 cm H2O). Fewer patients admitted in the Netherlands received NIV as first mode of mechanical ventilation (7.1 vs. 16.7%). Fewer patients in the Dutch cohort developed an ICU-acquired pneumonia (4.5 vs. 12.3%, p < 0.01) and sepsis (5.7 vs. 10.9%, p = 0.03), but more patients were diagnosed as having delirium (15.8 vs. 4.6%, p < 0.01). ICU and in-hospital mortality rates were 19% and 25%, respectively, in Dutch ICUs vs. 26% and 33% in Europe (p = 0.06 and 0.03). CONCLUSION: Tidal volumes were smaller and applied PEEP was higher in the Dutch cohort compared with international data, but both Dutch and international patients received larger tidal volumes than recommended for prevention or treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. NIV as first mode of mechanical ventilation is less commonly used in the Netherlands. The incidence of ICU-acquired pneumonia is lower and of delirium higher in the Netherlands compared with international data.

Desconexión de la ventilación mecánica. ¿Por qué seguimos buscando métodos alternatives? / Weaning from mechanical ventilation: Why are we still looking for alternative methods?

La mayoría de los pacientes que requieren ventilación mecánica durante más de 24 h y que mejoran de la causa que motivó el soporte ventilatorio pueden ser extubados tras una primera prueba de respiración espontánea. El reto es cómo mejorar la desconexión de los pacientes que fracasan en esa prueba. Hasta el momento disponíamos de los métodos, que podemos denominar tradicionales, como son el tubo en T, la presión de soporte o la ventilación mandatoria intermitente sincronizada (SIMV). En los últimos años se han descrito nuevas aplicaciones de técnicas habituales como la ventilación no invasiva, nuevos métodos de ventilación como la compensación automática del tubo (ATC), la ventilación minuto mandatoria (MMV), la ventilación adaptativa de soporte (ASV) o estrategias automáticas de desconexión de la ventilación mecánica basadas en la presión de soporte. Queda por definir su posible papel en la desconexión de la ventilación mecánica en los enfermos con desconexión difícil o prolongada (AU)

Most patients who require mechanical ventilation for longer than 24hours, and who improve the condition leading to the indication of ventilatory support, can be weaned after passing a first spontaneous breathing test. The challenge is to improve the weaning of patients who fail that first test. We have methods that can be referred to as traditional, such as the T-tube, pressure support or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). In recent years, however, new applications of usual techniques as noninvasive ventilation, new ventilation methods such as automatic tube compensation (ATC), mandatory minute ventilation (MMV), adaptive support ventilation or automatic weaning systems based on pressure support have been described. Their possible role in weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients with difficult or prolonged weaning remains to be established (AU)

Desenlace de los enfermos traqueotomizados después de la reintubación / Outcome of tracheotomized patients following reintubation

Objetivo Evaluar el desenlace de pacientes que fueron traqueotomizados tras una reintubación. Diseño Análisis secundario de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Ámbito Treinta y seis unidades de cuidados intensivos de 8 países.Pacientes180 pacientes con ventilación mecánica durante más de 48 horas extubados y que requirieron reintubación en las primeras 48 horas. Intervenciones Ninguna. Variables de interés principal Mortalidad en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, días de estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, fracaso de órganos. Resultados Cincuenta y dos pacientes (29%) fueron traqueotomizados inicialmente después de reintubación. La mediana de tiempo desde la reintubación a la traqueotomía fue de 2,5 días (rango inter-cuartil: 1, 8). La duración de la estancia en la UCI fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de traqueotomía, en comparación con el grupo inicialmente sin traqueotomía [mediana de 25 días (rango inter-cuartil: 17, 43) versus 16,5 días (rango inter-cuartil: 11, 25); p <0,001]. En el grupo de traqueotomía no se observó una menor mortalidad (31% frente al 27%; p=0,57).Conclusiones En nuestra cohorte, la traqueotomía después de reintubación es un procedimiento común pero no ofrece ninguna ventaja significativa (AU)

Objective To evaluate the outcome of tracheotomized patients after reintubation. Method Secondary analysis from a prospective, multicenter and observational study including 36 Intensive Care Units (ICUs) from 8 countries. Patients A total of 180 patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48hours, extubated and reintubated within 48hours.InterventionsNone.OutcomesICU mortality, length of ICU stay, organ failure. Results Fifty-two patients (29%) underwent tracheotomy after reintubation. The median time from reintubation to tracheotomy was 2.5 days (interquartile range (IQR) 1-8 days). The length of ICU stay was significantly longer in the tracheotomy group compared with the group without tracheotomy (median time 25 days, IQR 17-43 versus 16.5 days (IQR 11-25); p<0.001). ICU mortality in the tracheotomy group was not significantly different (31% versus 27%; p 0.57).Conclusions In our cohort of reintubated patients, tracheotomy is a common procedure in the ICU. Patients with tracheotomy had an outcome similar to those without tracheotomy (AU)

Adaptación transcultural al castellano del Nursing Activities Score / Transcultural adaptation into Spanish of the Nursing Activities Score

Introducción La valoración de las cargas de enfermería es práctica habitual en el trabajo diario de los cuidados enfermeros, y normalmente se hace utilizando escalas ajenas al medio hispanoparlante, sin tener en cuenta las características de los distintos entornos que difieren de un país a otro. Entre los instrumentos utilizados para la valoración de las cargas de trabajo en enfermería en unidades de cuidados intensivos, Nursing Activities Score (NAS) ha sido descrito como un instrumento útil para medir dichas cargas en estas unidades. Objetivo Adaptar al castellano el NAS para su uso en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Material y métodos Adaptación por el método de traducción-retraducción del NAS mediante traductores de idioma materno inglés y bilingüe (castellano), y traductores con el castellano como idioma materno y alto nivel de inglés, trabajando los traductores por separado. Se obtuvo una versión única en castellano con la que se realizó una prueba piloto en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y Grandes Quemados del Hospital Universitario de Getafe (Madrid, España) con 30 pacientes y 30 enfermeros durante su turno habitual de trabajo. Se consultó, también, con el autor principal del NAS los ítems que supusieron algún tipo de conflicto. Resultados Entre la escala original y la resultante de las retrotraducciones en inglés se obtuvo una buena correspondencia en el 73% de los ítems y una correspondencia apropiada en el restante 27%; ningún ítem fue considerado con correspondencia mala. Conclusión Se ha obtenido una versión adaptada en castellano del NAS (AU)

Introduction Assessment of nursing workload is a common practice in the daily work of nursing care. This is usually done using scales that were not designed for Spanish-speaking countries, which may not take into account the characteristics of the environments that differ from one country to another. The Nursing Activities Score (NAS) has been described as being a useful tool for measuring nursing workload among the instruments used for this measurement in intensive care units. Objective It was aimed to adapt the NAS into Spanish for its use in Spanish intensive care units. Material and methods The NAS was adapted using translation-back translation method with the participation of both native English speakers who were bilingual in Spanish, and Spanish translators with a high level of English. All of the translators worked individually. A single Spanish version of the scale was obtained, after which a pilot test was made in an Intensive Care Major Burns Unit of the University Hospital of Getafe (Madrid, Spain) with 30 patients and 30 nurses during their regular work shift. We also consulted the primary author of the original description of the NAS regarding items that caused some kind of conflict. Results Between the original scale and the result of the back-translations to English, we obtained agreement ratings of good in 73%, and appropriate in the remaining 27%. No item was considered to have bad correspondence. Conclusion We have developed a Spanish translation of the NAS that appears well matched to the original English version (AU)

Outcome of tracheotomized patients following reintubation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of tracheotomized patients after reintubation. METHOD: Secondary analysis from a prospective, multicenter and observational study including 36 Intensive Care Units (ICUs) from 8 countries. PATIENTS: A total of 180 patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, extubated and reintubated within 48 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. OUTCOMES: ICU mortality, length of ICU stay, organ failure. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients (29%) underwent tracheotomy after reintubation. The median time from reintubation to tracheotomy was 2.5 days (interquartile range (IQR) 1-8 days). The length of ICU stay was significantly longer in the tracheotomy group compared with the group without tracheotomy (median time 25 days, IQR 17-43 versus 16.5 days (IQR 11-25); p<0.001). ICU mortality in the tracheotomy group was not significantly different (31% versus 27%; p 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of reintubated patients, tracheotomy is a common procedure in the ICU. Patients with tracheotomy had an outcome similar to those without tracheotomy.

[Transcultural adaptation into Spanish of the nursing activities score]. / Adaptación transcultural al castellano del nursing activities score.

INTRODUCTION: Assessment of nursing workload is a common practice in the daily work of nursing care. This is usually done using scales that were not designed for Spanish-speaking countries, which may not take into account the characteristics of the environments that differ from one country to another. The Nursing Activities Score (NAS) has been described as being a useful tool for measuring nursing workload among the instruments used for this measurement in intensive care units. OBJECTIVE: It was aimed to adapt the NAS into Spanish for its use in Spanish intensive care units. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The NAS was adapted using translation-back translation method with the participation of both native English speakers who were bilingual in Spanish, and Spanish translators with a high level of English. All of the translators worked individually. A single Spanish version of the scale was obtained, after which a pilot test was made in an Intensive Care Major Burns Unit of the University Hospital of Getafe (Madrid, Spain) with 30 patients and 30 nurses during their regular work shift. We also consulted the primary author of the original description of the NAS regarding items that caused some kind of conflict. RESULTS: Between the original scale and the result of the back-translations to English, we obtained agreement ratings of good in 73%, and appropriate in the remaining 27%. No item was considered to have bad correspondence. CONCLUSION: We have developed a Spanish translation of the NAS that appears well matched to the original English version.

Weaning from mechanical ventilation: why are we still looking for alternative methods?

Most patients who require mechanical ventilation for longer than 24 hours, and who improve the condition leading to the indication of ventilatory support, can be weaned after passing a first spontaneous breathing test. The challenge is to improve the weaning of patients who fail that first test. We have methods that can be referred to as traditional, such as the T-tube, pressure support or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). In recent years, however, new applications of usual techniques as noninvasive ventilation, new ventilation methods such as automatic tube compensation (ATC), mandatory minute ventilation (MMV), adaptive support ventilation or automatic weaning systems based on pressure support have been described. Their possible role in weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients with difficult or prolonged weaning remains to be established.

Influence of body mass index on outcome of the mechanically ventilated patients.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the impact of body mass index on outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a cohort including 4698 patients mechanically ventilated. Patients were screened daily for management of mechanical ventilation, complications (acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, ventilator associated pneumonia, barotrauma), organ failure (cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, haematological) and mortality in the intensive care unit. To estimate the impact of body mass index on acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality, the authors constructed models using generalised estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS: Patients were evaluated based on their body mass index: 184 patients (3.7%) were underweight, 1995 patients (40%) normal weight, 1781 patients (35.8%) overweight, 792 patients (15.9%) obese and 216 patients (4.3%) severely obese. Severely obese patients were more likely to receive low tidal volume based on actual body weight but high volumes based on predicted body weight. In obese patients, the authors observed a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure. After adjustment, the body mass index was significantly associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome: compared with normal weight; OR 1.69 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.69) for obese and OR 2.38 (95% CI 1.15 to 4.89) for severely obese. There were no differences in outcomes (duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and mortality in intensive care unit and hospital) based on body mass index categories. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, obese patients were more likely to have significant complications but there were no associations with increased mortality.

Ensayo de respiración espontánea en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: presión positiva continua de la vía aérea (CPAP) versus Tubo en T / Spontaneous breathing trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus T-piece

Objetivo: Determinar si el ensayo de respiración espontánea con presión positiva continua de la vía aérea (CPAP) es superior al ensayo con Tubo en T en pacientes con EPOC. Diseño: Ensayo clínico ciego con distribución aleatoria. Ámbito: Tres UCI médico quirúrgicas. Pacientes: Muestra aleatoria de 50 pacientes con EPOC en ventilación mecánica (VM) por más de 48 horas con criterios para la liberación de la VM: resolución de la exacerbación del EPOC, Glasgow >10, temperatura <38oC, cociente PaO2/FiO2 <150con un PEEP <5cm H2O y FiO2 <50%, Hb >10g/dl, ninguna necesidad de vasoactivos (excepto dopamina <5μg/kg/min o dobutamina <5μg/kg/min) ni agentes sedantes y tos eficaz. Intervención: Ensayo de respiración espontánea de 30min con sistema de Tubo en T o CPAP. Variables: Éxito en la liberación de la VM, éxito en el ensayo de respiración espontánea, reincubación y PEEP intrínseca. Resultados: De los 25 pacientes asignados al grupo de Tubo en T, 18 terminaron con éxito el ensayo y fueron extubados; 3 de ellos requirieron reintubación. De los 25 pacientes asignados al grupo de CPAP, 19 fueron extubados y ninguno requirió reintubación. El éxito en la liberación de la VM fue de 76% en CPAP y 60% en Tubo en T (riesgo relativo 1,27; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,86-1,87). Conclusión: En una cohorte de pacientes con EPOC, el ensayo de respiración espontánea con CPAP tuvo una tendencia a mejor resultado que con Tubo en T, pero esto necesita mayor investigación (AU)

Objective: To determine if the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is superior to SBT with a T-piece in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Design: A blind clinical test with random distribution. Setting: Three medical-surgical intensive care units. Patients: A random sample of 50 patients with COPD who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours and who were considered to fulfill weaning criteria: resolution of the exacerbation of the COPD disease, Glasgow scale >10, temperature < 38oC, PaO2 /FiO2 quotient >150 with an external PEEP <5cm H2O and FiO2 < to 50%, hemoglobin >10g/dl, no need for vasoactive drugs (except for dopamine <5μg/kg/min or dobutamine <5μg/kg/min) or for sedative agents and effective cough. Intervention A 30-minute spontaneous respiration trial with T-piece system or CPAP. Variables: Successful weaning from mechanical ventilation, successful SBT, reintubation and intrinsic PEEP. Results: Out of 25 patients who were assigned to the T-tube group, 18 successfully completed the trial and were extubated; 3 of them requiring reintubation. Out of 25 patients who were assigned to the CPAP group, 19 were extubated and none of them required reintubation. There was successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in 76% in SBT-CPAP vs 60% in SBT-TT (relative risk 1.27; 95% confidence interval 0.86 to 1.87). Conclusion: In a COPD patient cohort, the performance of spontaneous breathing with CPAP showed a tendency to better outcome than with T-Piece, however, further research is needed (AU)